N2 — Sequence & aftermath
〜あげく/〜末に・〜末の/〜以来/〜てこのかた/〜上で(=after doing)
timeline & result
formal vs neutral
continued state
How to choose by scene
Pick the pattern by effort → result or since-then continuity. Open a card for forms, contrasts, pitfalls, and a mini example.
After much struggle → disappointing result
often negative/end in giving up
→ 〜あげく
Open details
Form: V-た + あげく / N + の + あげく
Use when: after long effort/trouble, the result is unsatisfactory.
Contrast: 末に can be neutral/positive; あげく leans negative.
Avoid: short, instant acts; use with prolonged processes like 悩む/迷う/交渉する.
Mini example
何度も 交渉した 挙げく、契約は 不成立に 終わった。
After many rounds of negotiation, the contract fell through.
After long process → reached a result
formal; neutral or positive
→ 〜末に・〜末の
Open details
Form: V-た + 末に / N + の + 末に|末の + N
Use when: emphasize the long path to a conclusion/selection.
Contrast: more formal than あげく and not necessarily negative.
Mini example
議論の 末に、合意に 至った。
After much debate, we reached an agreement.
Since then, and still true now
requires a starting point
→ 〜以来
Open details
Form: V-て + 以来 / N + 以来
Use when: a continuous state holds from that time until now (often with ずっと/ない).
Avoid: very short spans or future points.
Mini example
2019年に 来日して 以来、ずっと 名古屋に 在住している。
Since coming to Japan in 2019, I’ve been living in Nagoya.
Ever since then (literary/formal)
bookish tone; similar to 以来
→ 〜てこのかた
Open details
Form: V-て + このかた
Use when: continuous state from that event to now, in formal/written style.
Contrast: 以来 is more common in speech; このかた feels literary.
Mini example
転職して このかた、平日に 夜更かしを していない。
Ever since I changed jobs, I haven’t stayed up late on weekdays.
After doing A, proceed to B (prerequisite)
formal; decision/procedure
→ 〜上で(=after)
Open details
Form: V-た + 上で / N + の + 上で
Use when: B is done after completing A (A = necessary step: confirm/consult/apply).
Contrast: everyday sequence → 〜てから; formal decision flow → 〜上で.
Mini example
詳細を 確認した 上で、契約を 締結します。
After checking the details, we will conclude the contract.
1) 〜あげく — after much struggle, ended poorly
Use when a long, tiresome process leads to a disappointing or unfavorable result.
Form: V-た + 挙げく / N + の + 挙げく
Collocations: 悩む/迷う/相談する/交渉する/待ち続ける
さんざん 悩んだ 挙げく、応募を 見送る ことに した。
After agonizing over it, I decided not to apply.
検討を 重ねた 挙げく、計画は 白紙に 戻った。
After repeated consideration, the plan was scrapped.
何度も 交渉した 挙げく、合意に は 至らなかった。
Even after many negotiations, we failed to reach an agreement.
Common mistake: Don’t use with a quick one-off act (✖ 一度相談したあげく…). It implies a long process.
2) 〜末に・〜末の — after a long process, reached X
Formal expression highlighting the long road to a conclusion. The result can be neutral or positive.
Form: V-た + 末に / N + の + 末に | 末の + N
Register: formal, often in reports/announcements.
議論の 末に、基本方針が 決定された。
After much debate, the basic policy was decided.
選考の 末に、かれが 採用された。
After the selection process, he was hired.
調査の 末の 報告書を 公開した。
They published the report produced after the investigation.
Tip: 〜末に focuses on the endpoint; 〜あげく highlights disappointment.
3) 〜以来 — since then, continuously until now
Marks a starting point in the past; a state/action has continued up to the present.
Form: V-て + 以来 / N + 以来
Often with: ずっと/ていない/続いている
卒業して 以来、業界の 動向を ずっと 追っている。
Since graduating, I’ve been following industry trends.
彼に 会って 以来、価値観が 変わった。
Ever since I met him, my values have changed.
2019年の 来日 以来、名古屋で 暮している。
I’ve been living in Nagoya since coming to Japan in 2019.
Avoid: short spans like “since five minutes ago”; choose a meaningful starting point.
4) 〜てこのかた — ever since then (literary)
Similar to 以来 but more formal/bookish; often used in written reports or narratives.
Form: V-て + このかた
Tone: literary; avoid for near-past or casual speech.
転居して このかた、早寝の 習慣が 定着した。
Ever since moving, the habit of going to bed early has stuck.
退院して このかた、体調は 安定している。
Since being discharged, my condition has been stable.
上京して このかた、生活に 少しずつ 慣れてきた。
Ever since moving to Tokyo, I’ve gradually gotten used to life there.
Note: In casual talk, replace with 〜てからずっと or 〜以来.
5) 〜上で(=after doing) — prerequisite then do B
Use when B is done after finishing A, which is a required step. Common in business/instructions.
Form: V-た + 上で / N + の + 上で
Set phrases: ご確認の上で/ご記入の上で/相談の上(で)
必要な 手続きを 完了した 上で、IDを 発行します。
We will issue an ID after you complete the required procedures.
社内で 協議した 上で、方針を 発表する。
After internal discussion, we will announce the policy.
申請書に 記入の 上で、窓口へ ご 提出ください。
Please fill in the application form and then submit it at the counter.
Pitfall: Don’t confuse this with “in terms of” 〜上で (e.g., 安全上). Here we use the “after doing” meaning.
Quick contrasts & pitfalls
- あげく = long struggle → disappointing end. 末に = long process → neutral/positive end.
- 以来 vs てこのかた: both “since then until now”. このかた is literary/formal; in conversation use 以来.
- 〜上で (after doing) vs 〜てから: for formal, prerequisite steps (decide/submit/announce) use 〜上で; everyday sequence → 〜てから.
- 以来/このかた need a meaningful starting point; avoid near-past moments or future times.
- あげく/末に imply a long process; avoid with quick, one-off actions.